The Madurese had been migrating to Kalimantan in large numbers since the 1960s, attracted by the island's natural resources and economic opportunities. However, their presence was resented by the Dayak, who felt that their land and culture were being eroded.
Tensions escalated following the death of a Dayak man named Sandong in late 2000, followed by retaliatory attacks in February 2001. Middle Technical University
What unedited videos often fail to contextualize is the immense scale of human suffering and the long-term displacement that followed.