, which encompasses self-esteem, shame, and the social obligation to maintain honor. Everyday Resilience
By performing in the Makassar language rather than standard Indonesian, artists assert a "powerfully local" identity that bridges regional gaps. Social Issues and Stigma dangdut makasar mesum
Makassar, and South Sulawesi in general, has a strong cultural identity rooted in values like , which encompasses self-esteem, shame, and the social
The neon lights of the coastal café flickered against the humid Makassar night. Rahmat sat at a corner table, the salt air mixing with the smell of clove cigarettes and fried bananas. On the small wooden stage, the speakers rattled with the heavy, rhythmic thump of Dangdut—the heartbeat of the local nightlife. which encompasses self-esteem